Surface Irrigation System [How To Install And You Need To Know]

If you’re considering installing a surface irrigation system, there are important aspects you need to know to ensure its successful implementation. Surface irrigation is a widely used method for delivering water to crops, allowing for efficient water distribution across the field.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through the key steps involved in installing a surface irrigation system. From preparing the field and selecting the right equipment to properly designing the layout and managing water flow.

We’ll provide you with the knowledge and insights you need to make informed decisions and achieve optimal results with your surface irrigation system.

Surface Irrigation System [How To Install And You Need To Know]

Surface irrigation is a method of delivering water to agricultural fields by allowing it to flow across the surface, effectively irrigating the crops.

It is one of the oldest and most common irrigation techniques used worldwide. In a surface irrigation system, water is distributed from a water source, such as a canal or reservoir, and directed through a network of canals and furrows to reach the fields.

Read Also: Localized Irrigation Vs Drip Irrigation

The key components of a surface irrigation system include mainline pipes, laterals, gates, and outlets.

Mainline pipes distribute water along the field’s perimeter, while laterals deliver water to individual rows or sections of crops.

Gates and outlets regulate the water flow, allowing farmers to control the amount of water reaching different areas.

To ensure optimal performance, proper field preparation, layout design, and water management are essential in a surface irrigation system.

Regular monitoring, maintenance, and adjustments are necessary to address any issues and improve water distribution uniformity.

Read Also: Subsurface Irrigation Systems Agriculture [All You Need To Know]

How to Install Surface Irrigation System

Installing a surface irrigation system may seem daunting for beginners, but with proper guidance, it can be accomplished successfully.

Here is a beginner’s guide with simplified steps to install a surface irrigation system:

Step 1: Evaluate the Field

Assess the field’s topography, soil type, and water availability. Consider factors like slope, drainage, and soil infiltration rates to determine the appropriate system design.

Step 2: Select the Equipment

Choose the necessary equipment for your surface irrigation system, such as pipes, valves, gates, and outlets. Ensure they are compatible with your field’s dimensions and water source.

Step 3: Design the Layout

Create a layout plan for your irrigation system, taking into account the field’s size and shape. Determine the location and spacing of laterals, selecting the appropriate pipe size for optimal water distribution.

Step 4: Prepare the Field

Remove obstacles, rocks, and debris from the field. Ensure proper leveling to prevent water stagnation and facilitate even water movement during irrigation.

Step 5: Install Mainline Pipes

Install the mainline pipes along the field’s perimeter, connecting them to the water source. Please rephrase this Use appropriate fittings and connectors to ensure a secure and leak-free connection.

Step 6: Install Laterals

Attach the laterals to the mainline pipes, spacing them according to your design plan. Securely connect the laterals using fittings and make sure they are properly aligned and level.

Step 7: Install Outlets and Gates

Install outlets and gates at the end of each lateral. These control the water flow and allow for adjustments. Ensure proper positioning and secure installation.

Step 8: Test the System

Before irrigating, perform a thorough system check. Turn on the water source and inspect for leaks, proper flow, and uniform water distribution across the field. Make any necessary adjustments or repairs.

Step 9: Manage Water Flow

During irrigation, monitor the water flow, and make adjustments as needed. Ensure the water is reaching the desired areas and adjust gate settings accordingly.

Step 10: Maintain and Fine-tune

Regularly inspect and maintain the system to prevent clogging and ensure optimal performance. Fine-tune the water flow, gate settings, and distribution patterns based on crop requirements and field conditions.

Types of Surface Irrigation System

There are different types of surface irrigation system. They are:

#1. Furrow Irrigation

In furrow irrigation, small channels or furrows are created between crop rows. Water is then released into the furrows, allowing it to flow along the rows and infiltrate the soil around the plants.

This method is commonly used for row crops such as corn, cotton, and vegetables.

#2. Border Irrigation

Border irrigation involves creating rectangular or trapezoidal borders or basins within the field.

Water is applied at the upper end of each border, allowing it to spread across the entire surface and soak the soil.

Border irrigation is suitable for flat or gently sloping fields and is often used for crops like alfalfa, forage grasses, and rice.

#3. Basin Irrigation

Basin irrigation entails forming leveled depressions or basins within the field, surrounding individual plants or small groups of plants.

Water is directly applied to the basins, allowing it to gradually infiltrate the soil. This method is suitable for orchard crops, vineyards, and some vegetable crops.

#4. Wild Flood Irrigation

Wild flood irrigation, also known as uncontrolled flood irrigation, involves releasing water onto the field without any channeling or control structures.

The water spreads naturally across the field, saturating the soil and providing irrigation. This method is commonly used in areas with low slope and high water availability.

Benefits of Surface Irrigation System

1. Cost-Effective: Surface irrigation systems are relatively low-cost compared to other irrigation methods, making them accessible to small-scale farmers and those with limited resources.
2. Simple Operation: Surface irrigation systems are easy to operate and require minimal technical expertise. They can be managed by farmers without extensive training or specialized equipment.
3. Soil Conservation: Surface irrigation helps in retaining soil moisture and reducing erosion by promoting water infiltration into the soil. It can contribute to improved soil health and long-term sustainability.
4. Adaptability: Surface irrigation systems can be adapted to various field sizes, shapes, and topographies. They are flexible and can be customized to meet specific crop and field requirements.
5. Water Efficiency: When properly designed and managed, surface irrigation systems can achieve high water use efficiency. By optimizing water application rates and timing, farmers can minimize water wastage and maximize crop yield.
6. Crop Compatibility: Surface irrigation is suitable for a wide range of crops, including row crops, orchards, vineyards, and forage grasses. It provides adequate water distribution to support healthy crop growth and development.
7. Low Energy Requirements: Surface irrigation systems do not require significant energy inputs, as the water flows naturally by gravity. This helps decrease energy consumption and the related expenses.

Demerits of Surface Irrigation System

1. Water Loss: Surface irrigation systems are prone to water loss through evaporation, deep percolation, and runoff. This inefficiency can result in wasted water and reduced irrigation effectiveness.
2. Uneven Water Distribution: Without proper design and management, surface irrigation can lead to uneven water distribution across the field. Some areas may receive excess water while others may be under-irrigated, affecting crop growth and yield.
3. Soil Erosion: Improper water flow control and excessive runoff in surface irrigation can cause soil erosion. This can result in the loss of topsoil, nutrient depletion, and reduced soil fertility.
4. Weed Growth: Surface irrigation systems, particularly furrow irrigation, can promote weed growth in the irrigated rows or borders. Weeds can compete with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight, negatively impacting crop yields.
5. Limited Application on Sloped Terrain: Surface irrigation may be challenging to implement on steeply sloped fields due to uneven water distribution and potential soil erosion issues. Other irrigation methods like sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable for such terrains.

Measures to consider to Install Surface Irrigation System

1. Proper Field Preparation: Ensure the field is free from obstacles, rocks, and debris. Level the field to prevent water stagnation and promote even water movement.
2. Designing Adequate Drainage: Install proper drainage systems, such as channels or tile drains, to prevent waterlogging and excess runoff.
3. Implementing Water Control Structures: Use gates, checks, or border dikes to control and regulate water flow, ensuring uniform distribution across the field.
4. Efficient Water Measurement: Install water measuring devices, such as weirs or flumes, to accurately monitor the amount of water applied during irrigation.
5. Managing Soil Health: Implement soil conservation practices like cover cropping, mulching, or contour plowing to minimize erosion and maintain soil fertility.

Best Practices of Surface Irrigation Systems

1. Irrigation Scheduling: Develop an irrigation schedule based on crop water requirements, soil moisture monitoring, and weather conditions to avoid over or under-irrigation.
2. Regular Maintenance: Inspect and maintain the system regularly, checking for leaks, blockages, or damaged components. Proper maintenance ensures efficient water delivery and extends the system’s lifespan.
3. Water Application Techniques: Employ techniques such as surge irrigation or alternate furrow irrigation to improve water distribution uniformity and reduce water loss.
4. Crop Management: Employ agronomic practices like proper spacing, crop rotation, and weed control to optimize water use and crop health.
5. Training and Education: Stay informed about new technologies, research, and best practices in surface irrigation through workshops, training programs, or agricultural extension services.

Maintaining Activities of Surface Irrigation System

1. Regular Inspection: Conduct routine inspections of the surface irrigation system to identify any leaks, clogs, or damaged components. Check the pipes, valves, gates, and outlets for proper functioning and make necessary repairs or replacements.
2. Cleaning and Flushing: Remove debris, sediment, and vegetation from the canals, furrows, and gates to ensure unobstructed water flow. Periodically flush the system to prevent clogging and improve water distribution.
3. Water Control and Monitoring: Regularly monitor the water flow and pressure within the system. Adjust gates, valves, or outlet settings as needed to achieve uniform water distribution across the field.
4. Maintenance of Structures: Inspect and maintain control structures, such as gates and outlets, to ensure their smooth operation. Lubricate moving parts, check for rust or corrosion, and make necessary adjustments.
5. Repair and Replacement: Address any leaks, cracks, or damage to pipes, fittings, or other system components promptly. Replace worn-out or broken parts to maintain the system’s efficiency and prevent water loss.
6. Weed Control: Implement weed management strategies to prevent weed growth in the irrigation channels, furrows, and borders. Regularly remove weeds to maintain unobstructed water flow and prevent water wastage.
7. Proper Water Management: Monitor and adjust irrigation scheduling based on crop water requirements, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions. Avoid over-irrigation, which can lead to waterlogging, nutrient leaching, and crop stress.

Cost of Surface Irrigation System

The cost of a surface irrigation system can vary depending on several factors, including the size of the field, type of crops, topography, and the specific components and materials used.

Here are some cost considerations for a surface irrigation system:

1. Infrastructure: This includes the cost of pipes, valves, gates, outlets, and control structures. The material, size, and quality of these components will impact the overall cost.
2. Installation: The cost of labor, equipment rental, and any necessary excavation or land preparation work required for installing the system.
3. Design and Planning: Expenses related to system design, including engineering services or consultation fees, and obtaining necessary permits or approvals.
4. Maintenance and Repairs: Ongoing costs associated with regular maintenance, repairs, and replacement of components over the system’s lifespan.
5. Water Source: Consider the cost of accessing and utilizing the water source, such as pumping equipment, water rights, or fees associated with water usage.

Surface Irrigation Advantages and Disadvantages

Surface irrigation has both advantages and disadvantages. Both have been highlighted below.

Advantages of Surface Irrigation:

1. Cost-Effective: Surface irrigation systems are generally less expensive to install and maintain compared to other irrigation methods, making them accessible to small-scale farmers with limited resources.
2. Simplicity: Surface irrigation is relatively easy to understand and implement, requiring minimal technical expertise. It can be managed by farmers without extensive training or specialized equipment.
3. Soil Conservation: Surface irrigation promotes water infiltration into the soil, improving soil moisture retention and reducing erosion. It helps maintain soil health and fertility by minimizing nutrient loss.
4. Adaptability: Surface irrigation systems can be customized to fit different field sizes, shapes, and topographies. They can be adapted for a wide range of crops and are suitable for both flat and gently sloping terrains.
5. Water Efficiency: When properly designed and managed, surface irrigation systems can achieve high water use efficiency. By optimizing water application rates and timing, farmers can minimize water wastage and maximize crop yield.

Disadvantages of Surface Irrigation:

1. Water Loss: Surface irrigation systems are prone to water loss through evaporation, deep percolation, and runoff. This inefficiency can result in wasted water and reduced irrigation effectiveness.
2. Uneven Water Distribution: Without proper design and management, surface irrigation can lead to uneven water distribution across the field. Some areas may receive excess water while others may be under-irrigated, affecting crop growth and yield.
3. Weed Growth: Surface irrigation systems, particularly furrow irrigation, can promote weed growth in the irrigated rows or borders. Weeds can compete with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight, negatively impacting crop yields.
4. Limited Application on Sloped Terrain: Surface irrigation may be challenging to implement on steeply sloped fields due to uneven water distribution and potential soil erosion issues. Other irrigation methods like sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable for such terrains.

How Does Surface Irrigation Work

Surface irrigation works by allowing water to flow across the surface of the field, effectively irrigating the crops. Here are the basic steps involved:

1. Water Source: Water is sourced from a canal, reservoir, or other water supply and directed towards the field.
2. Water Distribution: The water is delivered to the field through a network of canals, ditches, or pipes. Mainline pipes distribute water along the field’s perimeter, while smaller lateral channels deliver water to individual rows or sections of crops.
3. Water Release: Gates or outlets are used to control the flow of water into the field. They regulate the amount of water reaching different areas and can be adjusted based on crop water requirements.
4. Water Movement: The water flows across the field through furrows, borders, or basins, gradually infiltrating the soil and reaching the plant root zones.
5. Water Absorption: The soil absorbs the water, providing moisture to the crop roots. The water helps in plant growth, nutrient uptake, and overall crop development.
6. Water Management: Proper water management is crucial in surface irrigation. This includes monitoring the water flow, adjusting gates or outlets as needed, and scheduling irrigation based on crop water requirements, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions.

Conclusion

By following the installation steps and understanding the essentials of surface irrigation systems, you can effectively manage water resources and enhance crop productivity. Whether you’re a farmer or an agricultural enthusiast, this guide equips you with the necessary knowledge to install a successful surface irrigation system and achieve optimal results in your farming endeavors.